Cardiac Medicine Certification (CMC) Exam 2025 – 400 Free Practice Questions to Pass the Exam

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What does the term 'preload' refer to in cardiac physiology?

The degree of ventricular contraction

The amount of blood in the atria

The degree of stretch of the ventricular walls at the end of diastole

The term 'preload' in cardiac physiology specifically refers to the degree of stretch of the ventricular walls at the end of diastole, which corresponds to the volume of blood filling the ventricles just before they contract. This stretch is influenced by the amount of blood returning to the heart from the circulation and is a crucial determinant of the heart's stroke volume, according to the Frank-Starling law. As the volume of blood in the ventricles increases, it leads to greater stretching of the ventricular muscle fibers, which enhances their subsequent contraction strength.

Understanding preload is essential because it helps illustrate the relationship between ventricular filling and cardiac output. Factors affecting preload include blood volume, venous return, and the compliance of the ventricle. This concept is fundamental in managing various cardiac conditions and understanding the hemodynamics involved in heart function.

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The resistance the heart must overcome to pump

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